Understanding X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy: Principles, Applications, and Advancements

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) is a powerful analytical technique widely used in material science, chemistry, and surface engineering to study the elemental composition and chemical states of surfaces. As industries and research increasingly focus on advanced materials, nanotechnology, and clean energy, XPS has become an indispensable tool for understanding how atoms interact at the most fundamental levels.

What is X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy?

XPS, also known as Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA), is a surface-sensitive technique that relies on the photoelectric effect. When a material is irradiated with X-rays, electrons are ejected from the atoms present on the surface. By measuring the kinetic energy and number of these photoelectrons, XPS provides detailed insights into:

• Elemental composition (which elements are present)